Hard Skills
Measurable, teachable abilities acquired through education or training.

: Hard Skills
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Title
Sector
Description
Title
Computational Chemistry
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Computational chemistry uses quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanics methods — DFT, ab initio, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo — to predict the structure, energetics, and reactivity of molecules and materials. Practitioners use packages like VASP, Gaussian, Quantum ESPRESSO, LAMMPS, and GROMACS to screen candidates, interpret spectra, and rationalize experimental observations. The discipline accelerates R&D in catalysis, batteries, polymers, and pharmaceuticals by narrowing the experimental search space before lab work begins.
Title
Computer Science
Sector
Computational
Description
Computer science fundamentals — data structures, algorithms, complexity analysis, computational theory — underpin every meaningful conversation about software in battery production, from BMS state-of-charge estimation to MES database design to factory-floor analytics. As a hard skill it requires comfort with asymptotic analysis (so an O(n²) loop doesn't end up running over millions of cells), classical data structures (queues, graphs, trees for genealogy traversal), and design patterns that survive ten years of code maintenance. Software engineers apply this when designing the data model that ties cell IDs to pack IDs to vehicle IDs, when picking algorithms for BMS coulomb counting under noise, and when reviewing junior engineers' code for the kind of bugs that cause field returns.
Title
Computer Vision
Sector
Computational
Description
Computer vision applies deep learning and image-processing algorithms to extract information from images and video — used in battery manufacturing for inline defect detection, electrode coating uniformity inspection, and cell-tab weld quality assessment. As a hard skill it requires fluency in convolutional neural networks, annotation workflows, data augmentation, model training with frameworks like PyTorch or TensorFlow, and deployment at line speed on edge hardware. Engineers apply computer vision to replace subjective human visual inspection of cell cans and electrode surfaces, catching defects at rates and consistency that manual inspection cannot match.
Title
Construction Trade Worker
Sector
Mining
Description
Construction trade workers in mining perform the skilled manual labor that builds and maintains mine infrastructure — roads, foundations, scaffolding, and structural supports for surface and underground operations. The role demands proficiency with hand and power tools, blueprint reading, and strict adherence to MSHA safety protocols on active mine sites where heavy equipment and ground hazards are constantly present. Strong craft workers are foundational to project schedules, as delayed infrastructure directly stalls extraction and processing throughput on time-critical mining projects.
Title
Contact Angle Measurements
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Contact angle measurement quantifies the wettability of a solid surface by placing a liquid droplet on it and measuring the angle formed at the three-phase contact line, yielding information about surface energy and hydrophilicity. As a hard skill it requires preparing clean, representative surfaces, using a goniometer or optical tensiometer correctly, and selecting the appropriate analysis method — sessile drop, advancing/receding — for the application. Battery researchers apply contact angle measurements to evaluate electrode and separator wettability by electrolyte, where poor wetting leads to incomplete pore filling and degraded rate performance.
Title
Continuous Improvement
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Continuous improvement (kaizen) in battery manufacturing applies structured problem-solving cycles — PDCA, A3 reports, root-cause analysis — to incrementally raise yield, throughput, and consistency. As a hard skill it requires reading process data, running Gemba walks on cell-finishing lines, and writing standard work that captures incremental gains. Teams use it to reduce scrap on coating and calendering operations, shorten changeover times between chemistries, and stabilize tab-welding quality.
Title
Continuous Integration/Delivery (CI/CD)
Sector
Computational
Description
Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines automate the build-test-deploy cycle for BMS firmware, factory-floor software, and the data tooling around battery production. As a hard skill it requires fluency in pipeline-as-code (GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins), test parallelization, artifact management, and the safety-critical discipline of staged rollouts when the artifact ends up running on a pack monitoring hundreds of charged cells. DevOps and firmware engineers apply this when shipping BMS firmware updates to fleet vehicles, deploying MES code to a production line during planned downtime, and rolling out the analytics dashboards that operators rely on for real-time yield monitoring.
Title
Control Systems
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Control systems regulate the physical processes — temperature, pressure, flow, motion, voltage — that govern battery cell production from slurry mixing through formation. As a hard skill it requires fluency in PID tuning, PLC ladder logic, SCADA configuration, and instrumentation diagnostics. Engineers apply these techniques to hold tight tolerances on coating thickness, drying oven temperature profiles, and formation charging curves where small deviations affect cell capacity and safety.
Title
Controllers, PIDs, PLCs & Microcontrollers
Sector
Electrical
Description
Controllers — PIDs, PLCs, and microcontrollers — are the embedded brains that run battery production equipment and the cells they produce, from formation chargers to pack-level Battery Management Systems. As a hard skill it requires fluency in PID loop tuning, PLC ladder logic for line control, and bare-metal or RTOS programming for microcontrollers driving pack hardware. Practitioners apply this across the stack: tuning a PID on a calender roll's gap servo, writing PLC code for a cell-stacking station, and coding BMS firmware that monitors hundreds of cells while protecting against thermal runaway.
Title
Corrosion
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Corrosion management protects battery components — current collectors, terminals, enclosures, and busbars — from electrochemical degradation that shortens cell life and compromises safety. As a hard skill it requires understanding galvanic compatibility between aluminum, copper, and steel, specifying protective coatings, and selecting electrolyte-compatible materials. Engineers apply corrosion knowledge during pack design, supplier qualification, and field-failure analysis where moisture ingress or electrolyte leaks have started attacking metal interfaces.
Title
Creo
Sector
Design
Description
Creo is PTC's parametric 3D CAD platform, known for its powerful surface-modeling capabilities, robust assembly management, and strong integration with Windchill PLM for configuration control. As a hard skill it requires fluency in Creo Parametric part and assembly modeling, drawing and GD&T annotation, sheet-metal and framework environments, and the behavior-modeling extensions for simulation-driven design. Design engineers apply Creo in aerospace, defense, and industrial equipment programs where its heritage in complex mechanical systems and long product lifecycles makes it the incumbent platform.
Title
Cursor AI
Sector
Computational
Description
Cursor is an AI coding agent that automates code tasks, integrates with major tools, learns your codebase, and boosts developer productivity.
Title
Cybersecurity
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, theft, and damage — a critical hard skill as industrial facilities, battery plants, and mining operations become increasingly connected through IIoT, SCADA, and cloud platforms. As a hard skill it requires understanding threat modeling, network security architecture, identity and access management, vulnerability assessment, and incident response procedures relevant to both corporate IT and operational technology (OT) environments. Practitioners apply cybersecurity knowledge to defend production control systems from ransomware, secure remote access for distributed field teams, and comply with frameworks such as NIST CSF, IEC 62443, and ISO 27001 that govern industrial and critical-infrastructure environments.
Title
Data Science, Analytics & Visualization
Sector
Computational
Description
Data science, analytics, and visualization turn the streams of measurements off battery production lines into actionable conclusions about yield, cell capacity drift, and field reliability. As a hard skill it requires fluency in exploratory analysis (Python/pandas, R, SQL), inferential statistics, and visualization tools that surface trends to non-technical stakeholders (Power BI, Tableau, ggplot, matplotlib). Practitioners apply it when characterizing a new cell chemistry's formation distributions, building dashboards that operators use to spot drift in real time, and presenting field-warranty findings to executives in a form they can act on.
Title
Deep Learning
Sector
Computational
Description
Deep learning uses multilayered neural networks to automatically learn data representations and excels in tasks like vision, speech, and NLP.
Title
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
Sector
Computational
Description
Density functional theory (DFT) is the dominant quantum-mechanical method for computing the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and materials from first principles, used to predict crystal structures, reaction energetics, electronic properties, and phase stability. As a hard skill it requires setting up and running calculations in codes like VASP, Quantum ESPRESSO, or CP2K, selecting exchange-correlation functionals appropriate to the material class, converging k-point and plane-wave cutoff parameters, and interpreting band structures, density of states, and formation energies. Battery researchers apply DFT to screen cathode and electrolyte candidates, compute lithium migration barriers, and rationalize observed capacity and voltage data with atomistic-level understanding.
Title
Design (& Analysis) of Experiments (DoE)
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Design of experiments (DOE) is the statistical methodology for planning experiments that extract the most information from the fewest runs, using factorial, fractional factorial, response surface, and mixture designs. Practitioners use it to screen factors, optimize processes, and quantify interactions and noise contributions in R&D and manufacturing settings. Strong DOE practice replaces one-factor-at-a-time intuition with rigorous, model-based learning and is core to Six Sigma and modern materials informatics.
Title
Design Basics
Sector
Design
Description
Design basics cover the foundational vocabulary and skills that every engineering designer needs: orthographic projection, GD&T, dimensioning standards, datums, tolerances, and the conventions of drawing interpretation. The topic also frames the design process itself — requirements, concept generation, trade studies, design reviews, and design for manufacturing and assembly. A solid grounding here is what distinguishes a competent CAD operator from an effective designer.
Title
Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Design for Manufacturing (DFM) discipline shapes battery cell, module, and pack designs so they can be built reliably at scale and at acceptable cost. As a hard skill it requires evaluating tolerance stack-ups, joining-method selection, tooling impact, and assembly sequence early in the product cycle. Engineers apply DFM during cell tab configuration, module clamping strategy, and pack enclosure design to eliminate features that would slow the line or cause yield loss in production.
Title
DevOps
Sector
Computational
Description
DevOps brings development and operations practices together to ship and run the software that surrounds battery production — MES, data pipelines, BMS over-the-air updates, fleet telemetry ingestion. As a hard skill it requires fluency in infrastructure-as-code (Terraform, CloudFormation), container orchestration, observability tooling (logs, metrics, traces), and the on-call discipline to be paged when a coater's data ingestion stops at 3am. Practitioners apply this when standing up the cloud infrastructure that ingests fleet pack data, when automating MES deployments across multiple plants, and when wiring up alerting that fires before a quality issue propagates downstream.
Title
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures heat flow in or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled, revealing transitions such as melting, crystallization, glass transition, and reaction enthalpies. R&D scientists use it to characterize polymers, pharmaceuticals, food, energetic materials, and battery components, with quantitative kinetics extracted via methods like Kissinger or Vyazovkin. Routine DSC is a workhorse technique in materials labs and is closely paired with TGA for full thermal characterization.
Title
Digital Twinning
Sector
Equipment Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing
Description
Digital twins create live software models of battery production equipment and the cells they produce, fed by real-time sensor data from the physical line. As a hard skill it requires sensor integration, model calibration against historical run data, and use of the twin to simulate process changes before committing them on the line. Teams use digital twins to predict electrode coating defects, optimize formation cycling parameters, and validate maintenance windows without halting production.
Title
Drawing Schematics
Sector
Electrical
Description
Drawing schematics is the discipline of producing the symbolic electrical drawings that document every circuit in a battery production line and every pack design — power distribution, control wiring, instrumentation, BMS architecture. As a hard skill it requires fluency in IEEE/IEC schematic symbols, hierarchical drawing organization, and the rules of layered drawings (single-line, three-line, ladder, control). Engineers and technicians apply it when issuing drawings for a new pack-test fixture, when red-lining a coater's PLC panel during commissioning, and when handing off as-built documentation to maintenance teams.
Title
Drilling-Blasting Operations
Sector
Mining
Description
Drilling and blasting operations break rock to free ore from the host formation, using patterned boreholes and engineered explosive charges to control fragmentation and throw. Operators must balance powder factor, hole spacing, and timing delays to maximize muck pile diggability while limiting vibration, flyrock, and wall damage. Mastery of this skill is core to productivity in open-pit and underground mining and is tightly regulated under MSHA and ATF rules.
Title
Drones
Sector
Design
Description
Drones (UAVs) in a design context encompass the mechanical, electrical, and software engineering disciplines required to specify, design, build, and certify unmanned aerial systems for commercial, industrial, and defense applications. As a hard skill it requires integrating airframe structures, propulsion systems, avionics, power distribution, and payload interfaces within regulatory constraints (FAA Part 107, DO-178C for certified systems), and validating performance through simulation and flight test. Design engineers apply drone engineering to develop custom inspection platforms, autonomous survey UAVs, and payload-delivery systems where commercial off-the-shelf drones lack the required performance, endurance, or payload capacity.
Title
EPLAN Electric P8
Sector
Design
Description
EPLAN Electric P8 is the leading European electrical CAE platform for designing control panels, wiring diagrams, and PLC documentation — heavily used by European battery-production-equipment suppliers (Manz, Dürr, Schuler). As a hard skill it requires fluency in EPLAN's macro library, page-type system, and bill-of-material generation, plus the discipline to maintain master data so cross-references and reports stay consistent. Electrical designers apply it when authoring panel drawings for cell-finishing equipment, integrating supplier panel documentation into a plant standard, and generating wire labels and terminal diagrams that match the panel build.
Title
ETAP
Sector
Design
Description
ETAP is the dominant electrical power system analysis and simulation platform — used to model the plant-wide power distribution feeding battery production lines, including load flow, short-circuit, arc-flash, and transient stability studies. As a hard skill it requires building accurate one-line diagrams, parameterizing transformers, cables, motors, and drives, running coordination studies, and interpreting fault calculations against breaker and fuse ratings. Plant electrical engineers apply it during plant build-out, when adding a new formation rack or coating line to a substation, and when issuing arc-flash labels for every panel in the production area.
Title
Earth Science
Sector
Mining
Description
Earth science provides the geological, geochemical, and geophysical foundation mining professionals use to locate, characterize, and extract mineral resources. It spans plate tectonics, mineralogy, sedimentology, hydrology, and structural geology, all interpreted through field mapping, drilling, and analytical instrumentation. A solid grounding in earth science underpins every downstream decision from exploration targeting to mine closure and reclamation planning.
Title
Electrical Instruments & Measurements
Sector
Electrical
Description
Electrical instruments and measurement — multimeters, oscilloscopes, clamp meters, LCR meters, insulation testers, power quality analyzers — are the tools that let battery production teams characterize cells, packs, and the equipment that builds them. As a hard skill it requires choosing the right instrument for the job, understanding measurement uncertainty and probe loading, and reading waveforms to spot transients, noise, or marginal performance. Engineers and technicians apply this during cell formation testing, when hunting ground faults on a pack-test rack, or when validating that a coating dryer's heating element draws clean three-phase power.
Title
Electrical Maintenance & Repairs
Sector
Electrical
Description
Electrical maintenance and repairs keep the power distribution, control panels, drives, and instrumentation on a battery production line running reliably and safely. As a hard skill it requires diagnostic skill (insulation testing, thermography, harmonic analysis), comfort with high-voltage and high-current work under arc-flash PPE, and the discipline of lockout/tagout before touching anything energized. Electricians apply it when chasing intermittent faults on a coater's VFD, when re-terminating loose connections on a pack-test bus, or when refurbishing aged switchgear in a dry-room support panel.
Title
Electrical Power & High Voltage (HV) Systems
Sector
Electrical
Description
Electrical power and high-voltage systems engineering covers the design, commissioning, and safe operation of medium- and high-voltage equipment — switchgear, transformers, cable systems, bus ducts, and protection relays — that supply and distribute power to battery production facilities and to the packs themselves during test. As a hard skill it requires power systems analysis (load flow, short-circuit, arc-flash per NFPA 70E), understanding of HV isolation and interlocking requirements, and the elevated PPE and safe-approach discipline mandated for work on energized equipment above 600 V. Electrical engineers apply this when engineering the MV distribution feeding a gigafactory's formation and testing areas, when sizing high-voltage DC bus systems for pack-level abuse testing, and when coordinating protection devices across a plant substation to achieve selective fault isolation without tripping production.
Title
Electrical Safety
Sector
Electrical
Description
Electrical safety in battery manufacturing addresses the unusual hazards of working around high-voltage DC pack-test stations, three-phase production equipment, and stored energy in finished packs that cannot simply be turned off. As a hard skill it requires knowing NFPA 70E arc-flash boundaries, applying the hierarchy of controls, sizing PPE to the incident energy, and never relying on a single energy-isolation step. Safety leads and electricians apply this on every approach to a pack-test bay, when commissioning new formation racks, and when authorizing live work that cannot be performed de-energized.
Title
Electricity & Electronic Circuits
Sector
Electrical
Description
Electricity and electronic circuits — DC fundamentals, AC analysis, semiconductor behavior, analog and digital design — underpin every meaningful conversation about cells, packs, BMS hardware, and the equipment used to build them. As a hard skill it requires solid grasp of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin/Norton equivalents, and the behavior of transistors, op-amps, and switching converters under battery-relevant loads. Engineers apply this when designing pack-level current shunts, when sizing pre-charge resistors for contactor circuits, and when analyzing why a sensor signal goes noisy under load.
Title
Electroanalytical Techniques
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Electroanalytical techniques — cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, rotating-disk and rotating-ring-disk methods, and pulsed voltammetries — measure current, charge, and potential to study electron-transfer reactions at electrodes. R&D scientists use them to characterize redox couples, reaction mechanisms, electrocatalysts, and battery and corrosion behavior. Skilled practitioners combine controlled cell hardware, clean electrodes and electrolytes, and rigorous analysis to extract kinetic and thermodynamic parameters from noisy data.
Title
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) probes the frequency-dependent response of an electrochemical system to a small AC perturbation, separating processes by time scale into distinct features in Nyquist and Bode plots. R&D scientists use equivalent-circuit and physics-based fitting to extract bulk and interfacial resistance, charge-transfer kinetics, diffusion, and capacitance in batteries, fuel cells, corrosion, and coatings. Mastery requires both careful experimental design and rigorous, model-aware data analysis.
Title
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measures the energy lost by electrons as they pass through a thin specimen in a transmission electron microscope, revealing elemental composition, oxidation state, bonding, and electronic structure at near-atomic resolution. As a hard skill it requires preparing electron-transparent specimens, acquiring spectra with high signal-to-noise, and performing background subtraction, multiple-scattering correction, and quantitative analysis using reference cross-sections. Battery researchers apply EELS to probe lithiation-state gradients, transition-metal valence changes, and interfacial chemistry in cathodes and solid electrolytes at a spatial scale no other technique can match.
Title
Elemental/Chemical Analysis
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Elemental and chemical analysis encompasses the suite of techniques — combustion analysis, ICP, AAS, XRF, EDX, ion chromatography — used to determine the elemental or molecular composition of a sample quantitatively. As a hard skill it requires selecting the right method for the matrix and concentration range, preparing certified reference standards, and applying the technique's calibration model correctly to convert raw instrument output into accurate concentration data. Battery R&D teams apply elemental analysis to verify cathode stoichiometry, certify incoming raw materials, track impurity levels in electrolytes, and close mass balances in recycling process development.
Title
ElevenLabs
Sector
Computational
Description
ElevenLabs software offers AI-powered text-to-speech, voice cloning, dubbing, music generation, and speech recognition tools for lifelike audio.
Title
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) & Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS) identifies elements and their local concentrations in a sample by detecting characteristic X-rays emitted when an electron beam excites the material, typically inside a scanning or transmission electron microscope. As a hard skill it requires understanding the interaction volume and spatial resolution limits, setting correct accelerating voltage and beam current, and interpreting spectra quantitatively while accounting for matrix effects and overlapping peaks. Battery researchers use EDX to map elemental distribution across electrode cross-sections, detect contamination at interfaces, and characterize cathode particle composition after cycling.
Title
Entrepreneurship
Sector
Workplace Operations
Description
Entrepreneurship covers the work of starting and scaling new ventures, from idea validation and customer discovery to legal formation, fundraising, hiring, and building repeatable go-to-market motions. It demands fluency across product, sales, finance, and operations under conditions of high uncertainty and limited resources. The discipline is central to the manufacturing and energy transitions, where many breakthrough technologies originate in startups and small businesses.
Title
Environmental Engineering
Sector
Mining
Description
Environmental engineering in mining manages water quality, air emissions, waste rock, tailings, and reclamation obligations so operations comply with NEPA, Clean Water Act, and state permit conditions. Engineers design treatment systems for acid rock drainage, dust controls, sediment ponds, and revegetation plans that span the full mine life cycle. Strong environmental engineering protects the social license to operate and prevents the legacy liabilities that have historically plagued the industry.
Title
Equipment Maintenance & Repair
Sector
Mining
Description
Equipment maintenance and repair keeps the haul trucks, shovels, drills, conveyors, and crushers that define mining productivity available and safe to operate. Technicians combine hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, and welding skills with predictive maintenance data from telematics and oil analysis to schedule interventions before failure. Because unplanned downtime on a $5M+ haul truck can cost six figures per shift, this skill directly drives unit cost and operating margin.
Title
Etching & Deposition
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Etching and deposition processes shape and build thin-film structures in semiconductor and battery research by selectively removing or adding material with nanometer-scale precision. As a hard skill it requires understanding wet-chemical and dry plasma etch chemistry, masking and resist techniques, and the process parameters governing deposition rate, step coverage, and film stress. Battery researchers apply etching to prepare cross-sections for analysis and to pattern electrode features, and deposition to fabricate thin-film cell stacks, protective coatings, and current collector layers in next-generation solid-state and micro-battery devices.
Title
Ethernet
Sector
Electrical
Description
Ethernet — including industrial variants like PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, EtherCAT, and Modbus TCP — is the backbone of communication between PLCs, HMIs, drives, MES, and sensors on a battery production line. As a hard skill it requires understanding industrial topology (ring, star, daisy-chain), VLAN segmentation between OT and IT, managed-switch configuration, and protocol-level troubleshooting with Wireshark. Network engineers and controls engineers apply this when commissioning a new coater's PROFINET I/O, integrating an MES Ethernet feed into formation testing, or hunting a chatty broadcast that's jittering a critical real-time loop.
Title
Exploration & Core Logging
Sector
Mining
Description
Exploration core logging is the systematic description of drill core to capture lithology, alteration, mineralization, structure, and geotechnical character at depth. Loggers record observations in standardized digital templates that feed the geological database used for resource modeling and ore-grade estimation. The quality of logging data directly determines the reliability of reserve statements and the economic case for advancing a deposit.
Title
FTIR Spectroscopy
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measures the absorption of infrared light by molecular vibrations, producing a fingerprint spectrum that identifies functional groups and chemical bonds in a sample. As a hard skill it requires selecting the appropriate sampling accessory (ATR, transmission, diffuse reflectance), maintaining background and calibration standards, and interpreting complex spectra for mixtures and degradation products. Battery researchers apply FTIR to identify electrolyte decomposition products on electrode surfaces, monitor solid electrolyte interphase composition, and verify the chemical identity and purity of synthesized materials.
Title
Facilities Management
Sector
Workplace Operations
Description
Facilities management ensures that buildings, utilities, and workplace services support the operations they house — covering maintenance, energy, security, space planning, vendor management, and compliance with safety and accessibility codes. Strong facilities teams use CMMS platforms, condition assessments, and lifecycle planning to balance reliability, cost, and capital reinvestment. For industrial sites, facilities work directly affects production uptime and is closely tied to EHS performance.
Title
Flotation Cell
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Flotation cells separate valuable mineral particles from gangue by generating fine air bubbles in a slurry, to which hydrophobic particles selectively attach and float to the surface for collection. As a hard skill it requires understanding frother and collector reagent chemistry, adjusting impeller speed, air flow, and pH to maximize recovery and grade, and interpreting concentrate and tailings assays to diagnose process performance. Battery researchers and process engineers apply flotation to concentrate lithium minerals such as spodumene and lepidolite from ore, and to recover critical minerals from black mass in lithium-ion battery recycling.
Title
Focused Ion Beam (FIB)
Sector
Research and Development
Description
Focused ion beam (FIB) instruments direct a tightly focused beam of gallium or other ions to mill, cut, and deposit material with nanometer precision, and are often combined with a scanning electron microscope in dual-beam systems. As a hard skill it requires selecting mill currents for bulk removal versus fine polishing, preparing site-specific TEM lamellae, and using gas-injection systems for platinum or carbon deposition. Battery researchers use FIB to prepare electron-transparent cross-sections of battery interfaces, remove material from specific regions of interest on cycled electrodes, and observe crack propagation and dendrite morphology at nanometer scale.
Title
Forklifts
Sector
Supply Chains
Description
Forklifts are the workhorse of warehouses, distribution centers, and manufacturing floors, moving palletized and heavy loads in tight spaces with high frequency. OSHA-mandated operator training covers vehicle classes (counterbalance, reach, order picker), pre-shift inspections, load capacity, pedestrian safety, and stable stacking practices. Forklift skill and discipline are central to both throughput and safety, since this class of equipment is involved in a disproportionate share of warehouse incidents.
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Hard Skills

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Hard Skills Measurable, teachable abilities acquired through education or training.

Hard Skills

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Hard Skills
Measurable, teachable abilities acquired through education or training.