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Rigging & Lifting

Rigging and lifting operations safely position heavy battery modules, pack assemblies, and production equipment — placing a multi-hundred-kilogram battery pack into a vehicle chassis or moving a coater roll requires the same rigorous load calculations and equipment certification as any industrial lift. As a hard skill it requires selecting slings, shackles, and spreader bars rated to the load, calculating center of gravity for asymmetric battery assemblies, and executing lifts within the working-load limits of overhead cranes and forklifts. Production and facilities engineers apply this knowledge during module-to-pack loading, equipment installation, and pack-swap service operations where a dropped load can crush cells and create a hazardous lithium-fire scenario.

Synchrotron Operations

Synchrotron operations involves planning, executing, and analyzing experiments at large-scale X-ray light sources, where access to high-flux, tunable, highly collimated X-ray beams enables techniques unavailable in the lab — high-resolution diffraction, total scattering, SAXS, XAS, and sub-micron imaging. As a hard skill it requires writing competitive beamtime proposals, setting up in situ and operando sample environments, operating beamline controls and detectors during limited allocated time, and processing large diffraction or spectroscopy datasets post-experiment. Battery researchers exploit synchrotron access for operando studies of structural and chemical changes in cathodes and electrolytes during charge and discharge at time and length scales that decisively resolve degradation mechanisms.

Pipetting

Pipetting is the foundational liquid-handling technique for transferring precise, reproducible volumes of solutions in the microliter to milliliter range using micropipettes, serological pipettes, or automated liquid handlers. As a hard skill it requires selecting the correct pipette volume range for the task, following correct aspiration and dispensing technique — pre-wetting, reverse pipetting for viscous liquids, correct angle and depth — and calibrating pipettes regularly against gravimetric standards. In battery and electrochemical R&D, accurate pipetting determines electrolyte volume in coin cells, additive concentration in solution studies, and calibration standard concentrations, where small errors propagate directly into irreproducible experimental results.

Tomography

X-ray tomography acquires a series of 2D projection images around a sample and reconstructs them into a 3D volume, revealing internal pore networks, crack patterns, and microstructural heterogeneity without sectioning the sample. As a hard skill it requires optimizing source energy and detector settings for the material density, achieving adequate sample-to-detector contrast, and using reconstruction and segmentation software such as Dragonfly, Avizo, or ImageJ to extract quantitative 3D metrics including porosity, tortuosity, and particle size. Battery researchers apply tomography to visualize electrode architectures and degradation, track lithium plating and void formation in cycled anodes, and measure tortuosity factors that govern electrolyte transport and rate performance.

Naval Architecture

Naval architecture applies fluid mechanics, structural engineering, and stability analysis to hull and structural design, increasingly including battery-hybrid and fully electric propulsion configurations for new-build and retrofit vessels. As a hard skill it requires hydrostatic and stability calculations, compliance with classification-society structural rules (DNV, Lloyd's Register, ABS), and integration of large battery systems into vessel layouts without compromising buoyancy, trim, or structural integrity. Practitioners apply this knowledge when locating battery packs to minimize center-of-gravity shift, preparing stability booklets for battery-powered vessels, and evaluating structural modifications required to carry the mass and volume of heavy marine energy-storage systems.

Electrical Power & High Voltage (HV) Systems

Electrical power and high-voltage systems engineering covers the design, commissioning, and safe operation of medium- and high-voltage equipment — switchgear, transformers, cable systems, bus ducts, and protection relays — that supply and distribute power to battery production facilities and to the packs themselves during test. As a hard skill it requires power systems analysis (load flow, short-circuit, arc-flash per NFPA 70E), understanding of HV isolation and interlocking requirements, and the elevated PPE and safe-approach discipline mandated for work on energized equipment above 600 V. Electrical engineers apply this when engineering the MV distribution feeding a gigafactory's formation and testing areas, when sizing high-voltage DC bus systems for pack-level abuse testing, and when coordinating protection devices across a plant substation to achieve selective fault isolation without tripping production.

Semiconductor Crystal Growth

Semiconductor crystal growth techniques — Czochralski pulling, Bridgman-Stockbarger, molecular beam epitaxy, and hydride vapor phase epitaxy — produce single-crystal and epitaxial semiconductor materials with controlled doping, crystallographic orientation, and defect density. As a hard skill it requires understanding phase diagrams and segregation coefficients, controlling thermal gradients and growth rates to minimize dislocations, and characterizing grown crystals with XRD, etch-pit counting, and Hall measurements. Battery researchers apply crystal growth techniques when producing model electrode or solid electrolyte single crystals for fundamental transport and interface studies that would be obscured by grain boundaries in polycrystalline samples.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) rasters a focused electron beam across a sample surface and collects secondary or backscattered electrons to form high-resolution images of morphology, topography, and phase contrast at nanometer to micron scale. As a hard skill it requires preparing conductive, vacuum-stable specimens (sputter coating for non-conductors), selecting the correct accelerating voltage and working distance, and interpreting contrast from secondary-electron topography versus backscattered-electron compositional signals. Battery researchers apply SEM to characterize cathode particle morphology, examine electrode cross-sections for crack and delamination patterns, image dendrite morphology on cycled lithium anodes, and guide post-mortem failure analysis.

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