X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
X-ray diffraction (XRD) probes the crystal structure of materials by measuring how X-rays scatter from periodic atomic planes, yielding lattice parameters, phase composition, crystallite size, and strain. R&D scientists use it for phase identification, quantitative phase analysis, Rietveld refinement, and in situ studies of reactions and processes. XRD is one of the most widely used techniques in materials science, from cement and ceramics to batteries, alloys, and pharmaceuticals.
