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Mechanical Properties & Testing

Mechanical properties testing measures the response of materials to applied force, yielding data on tensile strength, elongation, hardness, fracture toughness, fatigue life, and creep — properties that determine whether battery cell cans, current collectors, separators, and structural pack components will survive manufacturing and service loads. As a hard skill it requires setting up and running tensile, compression, bend, and hardness tests per ASTM or ISO standards, selecting the correct load cell and grips, and interpreting stress-strain curves and failure modes. Battery researchers apply mechanical testing to qualify separator materials, evaluate calendered electrode cohesion, and characterize volume-change stresses in silicon anodes.

Synchrotron Operations

Synchrotron operations involves planning, executing, and analyzing experiments at large-scale X-ray light sources, where access to high-flux, tunable, highly collimated X-ray beams enables techniques unavailable in the lab — high-resolution diffraction, total scattering, SAXS, XAS, and sub-micron imaging. As a hard skill it requires writing competitive beamtime proposals, setting up in situ and operando sample environments, operating beamline controls and detectors during limited allocated time, and processing large diffraction or spectroscopy datasets post-experiment. Battery researchers exploit synchrotron access for operando studies of structural and chemical changes in cathodes and electrolytes during charge and discharge at time and length scales that decisively resolve degradation mechanisms.

Pipetting

Pipetting is the foundational liquid-handling technique for transferring precise, reproducible volumes of solutions in the microliter to milliliter range using micropipettes, serological pipettes, or automated liquid handlers. As a hard skill it requires selecting the correct pipette volume range for the task, following correct aspiration and dispensing technique — pre-wetting, reverse pipetting for viscous liquids, correct angle and depth — and calibrating pipettes regularly against gravimetric standards. In battery and electrochemical R&D, accurate pipetting determines electrolyte volume in coin cells, additive concentration in solution studies, and calibration standard concentrations, where small errors propagate directly into irreproducible experimental results.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are written, step-by-step instructions that define how to perform a specific laboratory task safely, reproducibly, and in compliance with regulatory or quality requirements. As a hard skill it requires writing SOPs clearly enough for a trained but unfamiliar operator to follow without ambiguity, incorporating safety precautions and equipment-specific details, and maintaining version control as procedures evolve. Battery R&D labs apply SOPs to instrument operation, sample preparation, and cell assembly, ensuring that experimental results are comparable across operators and time and that safety-critical steps — such as lithium metal handling and high-voltage cell formation — are never improvised.

Tomography

X-ray tomography acquires a series of 2D projection images around a sample and reconstructs them into a 3D volume, revealing internal pore networks, crack patterns, and microstructural heterogeneity without sectioning the sample. As a hard skill it requires optimizing source energy and detector settings for the material density, achieving adequate sample-to-detector contrast, and using reconstruction and segmentation software such as Dragonfly, Avizo, or ImageJ to extract quantitative 3D metrics including porosity, tortuosity, and particle size. Battery researchers apply tomography to visualize electrode architectures and degradation, track lithium plating and void formation in cycled anodes, and measure tortuosity factors that govern electrolyte transport and rate performance.

Semiconductor Crystal Growth

Semiconductor crystal growth techniques — Czochralski pulling, Bridgman-Stockbarger, molecular beam epitaxy, and hydride vapor phase epitaxy — produce single-crystal and epitaxial semiconductor materials with controlled doping, crystallographic orientation, and defect density. As a hard skill it requires understanding phase diagrams and segregation coefficients, controlling thermal gradients and growth rates to minimize dislocations, and characterizing grown crystals with XRD, etch-pit counting, and Hall measurements. Battery researchers apply crystal growth techniques when producing model electrode or solid electrolyte single crystals for fundamental transport and interface studies that would be obscured by grain boundaries in polycrystalline samples.

Scala

Scala is the JVM-hosted functional/object-oriented language that powers Spark — the dominant distributed compute framework used by battery teams running large-scale analytics on cell-formation, end-of-line test, and fleet telemetry data. As a hard skill it requires fluency in Scala's type system (case classes, traits, implicits), the functional idioms (immutable data, higher-order functions), Spark's DataFrame and Dataset APIs, and the build and dependency tooling (sbt, Maven). Data engineers apply this when writing Spark jobs that join millions of cell-formation records with corresponding pack tests, when building streaming ingestion from Kafka into the data lake, and when refactoring Python prototypes into production-grade Spark for plant-wide deployment.

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