Professional-development

Mining 4.0

Mining 4.0 applies industrial IoT, automation, data analytics, and AI to fleet management, predictive maintenance, geometallurgy, and integrated remote operations centers. The skill set spans sensors and connectivity, digital twins, advanced control, and the change management needed to embed these tools in shift-level workflows. Operations that execute Mining 4.0 well realize step-change gains in productivity, safety, and emissions intensity.

Professional-development

Verilog & VHDL

Verilog and VHDL are the hardware description languages used to design the FPGAs and ASICs that increasingly appear inside battery management systems — for high-speed cell-balancing, parallel cell-voltage sampling, and the real-time fault-detection logic that microcontrollers can't service fast enough. As a hard skill it requires fluency in synthesizable HDL subsets, testbench authoring, simulator workflows (ModelSim, Verilator, Vivado), and the timing-closure discipline that distinguishes hobby HDL from production silicon. Hardware engineers apply this when designing the FPGA front-end that samples 96 cells simultaneously on a pack controller, when prototyping an ASIC for next-generation BMS, and when implementing the safety-monitor logic that watchdogs the BMS microcontroller.

Professional-development

Electrical Safety

Electrical safety in battery manufacturing addresses the unusual hazards of working around high-voltage DC pack-test stations, three-phase production equipment, and stored energy in finished packs that cannot simply be turned off. As a hard skill it requires knowing NFPA 70E arc-flash boundaries, applying the hierarchy of controls, sizing PPE to the incident energy, and never relying on a single energy-isolation step. Safety leads and electricians apply this on every approach to a pack-test bay, when commissioning new formation racks, and when authorizing live work that cannot be performed de-energized.

Professional-development

Budgeting, Finance & Bookkeeping

Budgeting, finance, and bookkeeping cover how an organization plans, records, and analyzes the flow of money through its operations. The skill spans chart of accounts setup, journal entries, accruals, financial statements, cash-flow forecasting, capital and operating budgets, and variance analysis. In a workplace operations context, fluency here lets managers tie day-to-day decisions to financial outcomes and communicate credibly with finance, lenders, and ownership.

Professional-development

Go

Go is the modern systems language for cloud-native back-end services — battery teams use it for high-throughput telemetry ingestion, MES API services, and the data pipelines that move cell-formation data from the factory to the data lake. As a hard skill it requires fluency in goroutines and channels for concurrent work, the standard library's HTTP and database packages, and the testing discipline that the language ecosystem favors. Engineers apply it when building fleet-telemetry ingestion services that handle thousands of vehicles, when standing up MES integrations between production lines and SAP, and when writing CLI tools that operators on the factory floor can run without a Python install.

Professional-development

Business Ethics

Business ethics applies moral reasoning to commercial decisions, covering conflicts of interest, fair dealing, anti-bribery and FCPA compliance, whistleblowing, environmental responsibility, and treatment of employees and communities. Strong programs combine a clear code of conduct, training, reporting channels, and consistent enforcement at every level of the organization. Lapses can be career- and company-ending, especially in regulated industries where reputation is part of the operating license.

Professional-development

Information Systems

Information systems integrate the software, hardware, data, and processes that move information through a battery manufacturing organization — MES, ERP, PLM, quality systems, analytics platforms. As a hard skill it requires understanding system-of-systems architecture, integration patterns (sync vs async, batch vs streaming), data governance, and the human and organizational change management that real IS work always includes. Practitioners apply it when planning the MES-to-ERP integration for a new battery plant, when picking a PLM strategy that accommodates rapid cell-chemistry iterations, and when writing the cross-team data dictionary that lets quality, engineering, and finance speak the same language about a cell genealogy record.

Professional-development

Hydraulic Equipment & Systems

Hydraulic equipment systems power the booms, buckets, jacks, and drills that mining relies on to apply concentrated force in compact packages. Technicians must understand pumps, valves, accumulators, cylinders, and fluid conditioning, and diagnose faults from pressure, flow, and temperature symptoms. Hydraulic competence is essential to keeping shovels, drills, longwall shields, and continuous miners productive in demanding, contamination-prone environments.

Professional-development

Gaussian (Normal) Distribution

The Gaussian (normal) distribution is the foundational probability distribution in statistics, describing the bell-shaped spread of measurement errors, process variation, and many natural phenomena. As a hard skill it requires understanding the mean, standard deviation, and empirical rule, testing for normality before applying parametric methods, and knowing when the Gaussian assumption breaks down — as it does for skewed battery failure-time data or heavily tailed outlier distributions. Battery quality engineers and data scientists apply Gaussian statistics when interpreting formation capacity distributions, setting specification limits on cell-grading tests, and computing process capability indices (Cp, Cpk) that assume normally distributed data.

Professional-development

QR Codes, RFID & LIDAR

QR codes, RFID, and LiDAR are the identification and sensing technologies that give supply chains real-time visibility into where items are, in what quantity, and in what condition. QR provides cheap, ubiquitous optical tagging; RFID adds passive or active wireless reads at scale; LiDAR supports geometry capture, dimensioning, and autonomous-vehicle navigation in yards and warehouses. Together they enable the data layer that powers WMS, traceability, robotic fulfillment, and dock-to-stock automation.

Professional-development

Operations Management

Operations management is the discipline of designing and running the processes that produce goods and services — capacity planning, scheduling, inventory, quality, and continuous improvement. Practitioners apply Lean, Six Sigma, theory of constraints, and S&OP to align demand, supply, and resources against cost and service targets. It is the integrating discipline that ties together what specialists do at the workstation, plant, and enterprise levels.

Professional-development

Record Keeping & Lab Books

Laboratory record keeping and electronic or paper lab notebooks are the primary means of documenting experimental plans, procedures, observations, and results in a form that is legally and scientifically defensible. As a hard skill it requires recording contemporaneously with enough detail that a colleague could reproduce the experiment from the record alone, cross-referencing raw data files, and signing and dating entries in formats that satisfy IP and regulatory requirements. In battery R&D, strong record keeping protects patent priority, enables root-cause analysis when results are anomalous, and provides the audit trail required by funding agencies and ISO-certified testing laboratories.

Professional-development

Metalworking

Metalworking processes — stamping, drawing, machining, welding, surface treatment — produce the metal components used throughout battery manufacturing: cell cans, current collectors, busbars, terminal posts, pack enclosures. As a hard skill it requires understanding material behavior in deep-draw operations on aluminum and steel, tooling design for high-volume parts, and joint quality in dissimilar-metal joining. Production engineers apply this knowledge during supplier qualification, when troubleshooting cracked cell cans, and when specifying surface finishes that survive the electrochemical environment.

Professional-development

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is the small-form-factor Linux computer that battery teams reach for when they need an edge node — datalogging on a benchtop cycler, an MQTT gateway between an old PLC and a modern data lake, an in-fixture vision system for cell-tab inspection. As a hard skill it requires fluency in Raspberry Pi OS, GPIO control via Python or C, MQTT and OPC-UA client libraries, and the disciplines around running a non-ruggedized board in an industrial environment (power conditioning, watchdog timers, remote-reset hardware). Engineers apply this when bridging a legacy benchtop instrument to a modern data pipeline, when prototyping a vision-based defect detector, or when adding a cheap data-collection node next to a piece of equipment whose vendor SDK is too expensive to license.

Professional-development

Neutron Scattering & Diffraction

Neutron scattering and diffraction uses the wave-like properties of thermal or cold neutrons to probe atomic structure, dynamics, and magnetic ordering in materials, with unique sensitivity to light elements — especially hydrogen and lithium — that X-ray techniques struggle to locate. As a hard skill it requires preparing samples appropriate for beam experiments, applying for and optimizing beamtime at national neutron sources (ORNL, NIST, ISIS, ILL), and analyzing data with Rietveld, pair-distribution function, or small-angle methods. Battery researchers apply neutron techniques to determine lithium site occupancy in cathodes, track lithium distribution in operating cells operando, and characterize solid electrolyte structure and lithium dynamics.

Professional-development

Python

Python is the de facto language for battery data work — analytics on formation data, ML model training, factory-floor scripting, test automation, and the glue code that ties MES to ERP to the data lake. As a hard skill it requires fluency in the scientific stack (numpy, pandas, scipy, scikit-learn), the visualization libraries (matplotlib, seaborn, plotly), packaging and venv discipline, and the asyncio-vs-threading-vs-multiprocessing tradeoffs for production work. Engineers apply this when cleaning a million-row cell-formation CSV in pandas, when training an ML model to flag electrode-coating defects, and when writing the integration script that pulls daily MES exports into the analytics warehouse.

Professional-development

Transportation

Transportation moves raw materials, components, and finished goods across road, rail, ocean, air, and pipeline modes, each with distinct cost, speed, capacity, and regulatory characteristics. Practitioners select modes, design routes, manage carriers, optimize loads, and navigate hazmat, customs, and emissions requirements. Transportation typically represents the largest share of logistics spend and is a key lever for both cost and carbon performance.

Professional-development

Supply Chain, Logistics & Warehousing

Professional-development

Design (& Analysis) of Experiments (DoE)

Design of experiments (DOE) is the statistical methodology for planning experiments that extract the most information from the fewest runs, using factorial, fractional factorial, response surface, and mixture designs. Practitioners use it to screen factors, optimize processes, and quantify interactions and noise contributions in R&D and manufacturing settings. Strong DOE practice replaces one-factor-at-a-time intuition with rigorous, model-based learning and is core to Six Sigma and modern materials informatics.

Professional-development

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) generates a microplasma on a sample surface using a focused laser pulse and collects the resulting atomic emission spectrum to identify and semi-quantify elements with minimal or no sample preparation. As a hard skill it requires optimizing laser energy and focusing, selecting gate delay and width to minimize background, calibrating with matrix-matched standards, and interpreting multi-element spectra where line overlaps complicate analysis. Battery researchers apply LIBS for rapid elemental mapping of electrode surfaces and cross-sections, screening incoming materials, and field-deployable analysis where conventional wet-chemistry methods are impractical.

Professional-development

Gaussian

Gaussian is a widely used quantum chemistry software package providing DFT, Hartree-Fock, MP2, CCSD(T), and excited-state methods for computing molecular properties, reaction energies, spectra, and transition states. As a hard skill it requires setting up input files with appropriate basis sets, methods, and convergence criteria, managing the high computational cost of correlated methods, and interpreting output for geometric, energetic, and spectroscopic properties. Battery researchers apply Gaussian to compute electrolyte molecule oxidative and reductive stability, model solvation structures of lithium salts, and rationalize spectroscopic observations from NMR, IR, and Raman experiments.

Professional-development

Facilities Management

Facilities management ensures that buildings, utilities, and workplace services support the operations they house — covering maintenance, energy, security, space planning, vendor management, and compliance with safety and accessibility codes. Strong facilities teams use CMMS platforms, condition assessments, and lifecycle planning to balance reliability, cost, and capital reinvestment. For industrial sites, facilities work directly affects production uptime and is closely tied to EHS performance.

Professional-development

Ion Implantation

Ion implantation introduces dopant atoms into a solid material by accelerating ions through an electric field and embedding them beneath the surface, enabling precise control of dopant concentration and depth profile. As a hard skill it requires selecting ion species, energy, and dose, modeling the implant range with tools such as SRIM, and planning post-implantation annealing to activate dopants and repair lattice damage. Battery researchers apply ion implantation to modify the surface chemistry and ionic conductivity of electrode materials and solid electrolytes, and to study radiation-damage effects in materials intended for nuclear or space applications.

Professional-development

Industry Standards

Industry standards — from ISO and ASTM to IEC, SAE, and UL — define the test methods, performance thresholds, and safety requirements that battery cells, modules, and packs must meet for regulatory approval, customer acceptance, and interoperability. As a hard skill it requires identifying the applicable standards for a product's target market, reading and interpreting test protocols accurately, and designing experiments and documentation that satisfy requirements for certification and compliance audits. R&D teams apply standards fluency from early project planning through technology transfer, ensuring that laboratory results will translate into products that pass type approval and enter regulated markets.

Professional-development

Marine Engineering

Marine engineering applies propulsion, power generation, and shipboard machinery principles to vessels and offshore structures, and its techniques translate directly to the large-format battery systems powering electric ships and offshore platforms. As a hard skill it requires understanding shipboard power distribution, classification-society rules for marine electrical equipment, thermal management of high-capacity battery banks, and propulsion-system integration. Engineers apply this knowledge to design, commission, and troubleshoot marine battery energy-storage systems — from ferry propulsion packs to offshore uninterruptible power supplies — where corrosion, vibration, and at-sea safety impose constraints absent in land-based battery applications.

Professional-development

Pipes, Valves & Pumps

Piping, valves, and pumps move fluids around a refinery or chemical plant under demanding conditions of pressure, temperature, and chemical aggressiveness. Engineers and technicians select materials of construction, size lines for flow and pressure drop, specify control and safety valves, and maintain rotating equipment to keep the plant running safely and reliably. Failures in this system are a leading cause of leaks, fires, and unplanned downtime, making mechanical integrity in this area a core process-safety concern.

Professional-development

Statistical/Data Analysis

Statistical and data analysis turns the millions of measurements coming off battery production lines into actionable conclusions about yield, capability, and reliability. As a hard skill it requires fluency in descriptive and inferential statistics, regression, and time-series analysis, plus practical use of Python, R, or JMP to crunch real datasets. Engineers apply these tools to qualify new test equipment with gauge R&R studies, build acceptance sampling plans for incoming cell shipments, and prove (or disprove) that a process change actually moved the mean.

Professional-development

Design Basics

Design basics cover the foundational vocabulary and skills that every engineering designer needs: orthographic projection, GD&T, dimensioning standards, datums, tolerances, and the conventions of drawing interpretation. The topic also frames the design process itself — requirements, concept generation, trade studies, design reviews, and design for manufacturing and assembly. A solid grounding here is what distinguishes a competent CAD operator from an effective designer.

Professional-development

Mine Safety

Mine safety is the systematic management of physical, chemical, and human-factor hazards in one of the most demanding industrial environments, governed in the U.S. by MSHA. The discipline covers ground control, ventilation, blasting, traffic management, fall protection, lockout/tagout, and emergency response, all reinforced through risk assessments and incident learning. A strong safety culture is non-negotiable: it is both a moral obligation and a precondition for license to operate.

Professional-development

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are the small set of metrics that translate strategy into measurable operating signals — throughput, OEE, on-time delivery, safety incident rates, cost per unit, customer NPS, and the like. Well-designed KPIs cascade from corporate objectives down to team and individual scorecards, with clear definitions, owners, targets, and review cadences. Strong KPI practice prevents organizations from drowning in dashboards while missing the few numbers that actually drive outcomes.

Professional-development

Git & GitHub (Version Control)

Version control with Git is the foundational practice for every codebase that touches battery work — BMS firmware, MES software, analytics notebooks, infrastructure-as-code. As a hard skill it requires fluency in branching strategies (trunk-based, feature-branch, GitFlow), conflict resolution, the discipline of small focused commits with meaningful messages, and the operational know-how to recover from common mistakes (force pushes, detached HEADs, accidentally-committed credentials). Engineers apply this every day on every codebase — and on the day of shipping, when the team's ability to bisect a regression back to a specific change is what separates a 2-hour fix from a 2-day fire.

Professional-development

Java

Java is the dominant language for back-end enterprise services — MES, ERP integrations, quality data warehouses, and the analytics platforms that consume battery production data. As a hard skill it requires fluency in the JVM ecosystem (Spring Boot, Hibernate, build tools like Maven and Gradle), threading model, garbage collection tuning, and the layered architecture (services, repositories, controllers) that production-grade applications follow. Software engineers apply it when extending the MES with new test-data ingestion services, when building APIs that field engineers query for pack history, and when integrating SAP modules with the factory floor's PLC layer.

Professional-development

Exploration & Core Logging

Exploration core logging is the systematic description of drill core to capture lithology, alteration, mineralization, structure, and geotechnical character at depth. Loggers record observations in standardized digital templates that feed the geological database used for resource modeling and ore-grade estimation. The quality of logging data directly determines the reliability of reserve statements and the economic case for advancing a deposit.

Professional-development

BFDs, PFDs & P&IDs

Block flow diagrams (BFDs), process flow diagrams (PFDs), and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) are the graphical language refining and chemical engineers use to describe a process at progressively finer levels of detail. BFDs show major unit operations and mass balances, PFDs add streams and key equipment, and P&IDs specify every line, valve, instrument, and control loop needed to build and operate the plant. Fluency with these drawings is essential for design, troubleshooting, HAZOP, operator training, and management of change throughout the plant life cycle.

Professional-development

Ventilation

Mine ventilation supplies fresh air to working faces and removes heat, dust, diesel particulate, and harmful gases such as methane, carbon monoxide, and radon. Ventilation engineers design primary and auxiliary fan circuits, model airflow networks, and balance the system as workings advance, all while meeting strict regulatory air-quality limits. The discipline is foundational to underground productivity and one of the largest single energy consumers on a typical underground mine.

Professional-development

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Printed circuit board (PCB) design and manufacture is what turns BMS schematics, sensor circuits, and test fixtures into physical boards that survive the thermal, vibration, and electrical environment of a battery pack. As a hard skill it requires fluency in EDA tools (Altium, KiCad, Eagle), stackup design, controlled-impedance routing for high-speed lines, design-for-manufacturing rules (annular ring, copper-to-edge), and reading IPC-A-610 acceptance criteria. Hardware engineers apply this when laying out a new cell-monitoring board, when reviewing a vendor BMS PCB for thermal-derating headroom, and when triaging field failures back to a layout choice.

Professional-development

Periodic Table

Mastery of the periodic table means understanding elemental properties — electron configuration, ionization energy, electronegativity, atomic radius, oxidation states, and periodic trends — and applying that knowledge to predict material behavior and design new compounds. As a hard skill it requires being able to reason from first principles about which elements will form stable oxides or sulfides, which will alloy with lithium, and which transition metals offer the right redox potential for a battery cathode. Battery researchers rely on this fluency to select cathode and anode chemistries, anticipate corrosion and compatibility issues, and interpret spectroscopic and electrochemical data by reference to known elemental behavior.

Professional-development

Network Administration

Network administration covers the design, configuration, and operation of the wired and wireless networks that connect users, servers, plant-floor devices, and cloud services. Administrators manage switches, routers, firewalls, VPNs, VLANs, DNS, and DHCP while monitoring performance, capacity, and security posture. In industrial settings, OT/IT convergence means network admins increasingly support control-system traffic with strict availability and segmentation requirements.

Professional-development

Soldering

Soldering is the foundational join technique for electrical and electronic assemblies — used to attach components to PCBs, terminate sensor wires, repair instrumentation, and rework prototype BMS boards. As a hard skill it requires temperature and tip selection appropriate to the joint, wetting and dewetting recognition, and the IPC-A-610 visual standards for acceptable vs defective joints (through-hole, surface mount, BGA rework). Technicians apply it during prototype board bring-up, in-field repair of damaged sensor cables, and rework of small-quantity BMS boards where pulling a contract manufacturer in for a single rework would cost too much.

Professional-development

Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measures the overtone and combination bands of molecular vibrations in the 750-2500 nm region, providing rapid, non-destructive chemical analysis of organic compounds and moisture with minimal sample preparation. As a hard skill it requires building and validating chemometric calibration models (PLS, PCR) from reference data, understanding baseline and scatter corrections for diffuse-reflectance measurements, and maintaining model validity as instrument and sample conditions change. Battery researchers apply NIR for rapid quality checks on incoming polymer binder and separator materials, and to monitor moisture content in electrode coatings during drying-process development.

Professional-development

Glove Box Procedures

Glove box procedures govern safe and reproducible work inside inert-atmosphere enclosures that maintain moisture and oxygen below the parts-per-million levels required by air-sensitive battery materials and electrolytes. As a hard skill it requires purging and regenerating the gas recirculation system, checking and maintaining seals and gloves, and organizing the antechamber workflow to minimize atmospheric ingress during sample transfer. Battery researchers rely on glove boxes for lithium metal handling, electrolyte preparation, and cell assembly, where even brief air exposure would oxidize lithium anodes, decompose electrolyte salts, and invalidate experimental results.

Professional-development

Origin & OriginPro

Origin and OriginPro are the scientific graphing and data-analysis platforms — used by battery R&D teams to plot EIS data, cycle-life curves, DSC thermograms, and the dense multi-axis scientific figures that go into internal reports and publications. As a hard skill it requires fluency in non-linear curve fitting, custom function authoring (Origin C, LabTalk), template-based report generation, and the visualization vocabulary that battery chemistry papers expect (Bode plots, Nyquist plots, Ragone plots). R&D engineers apply this when characterizing a new cathode formulation's cycle life, when fitting EIS data to equivalent-circuit models, and when generating publication-quality figures for cell-development reports.

Professional-development

Motors & Generators

Motors and generators — induction, PMSM, BLDC, servo, stepper — drive nearly every motion on a battery production line (coaters, calenders, slitters, winders, conveyors) and increasingly serve as test loads for EV powertrain validation. As a hard skill it requires understanding torque-speed curves, slip and back-EMF, bearing failure modes, insulation classes, and the interaction between motor and variable-frequency drive. Maintenance engineers apply this when sizing replacement servos for a winding line, when diagnosing bearing degradation via vibration signature, and when commissioning a dynamometer used to characterize finished EV battery packs under load.

Professional-development

AutoCAD

AutoCAD is the long-standing 2D and 3D CAD platform used across design, manufacturing, mining, and shipbuilding for drafting, detailing, and as-built documentation. Strong users command layers, blocks, dynamic blocks, xrefs, sheet sets, and AutoLISP or .NET customization to standardize and accelerate output. Despite the rise of MBD and 3D-first workflows, AutoCAD remains the lingua franca for 2D drawings exchanged across supply chains and regulatory submittals.

Professional-development

Controllers, PIDs, PLCs & Microcontrollers

Controllers — PIDs, PLCs, and microcontrollers — are the embedded brains that run battery production equipment and the cells they produce, from formation chargers to pack-level Battery Management Systems. As a hard skill it requires fluency in PID loop tuning, PLC ladder logic for line control, and bare-metal or RTOS programming for microcontrollers driving pack hardware. Practitioners apply this across the stack: tuning a PID on a calender roll's gap servo, writing PLC code for a cell-stacking station, and coding BMS firmware that monitors hundreds of cells while protecting against thermal runaway.

Professional-development

Drilling-Blasting Operations

Drilling and blasting operations break rock to free ore from the host formation, using patterned boreholes and engineered explosive charges to control fragmentation and throw. Operators must balance powder factor, hole spacing, and timing delays to maximize muck pile diggability while limiting vibration, flyrock, and wall damage. Mastery of this skill is core to productivity in open-pit and underground mining and is tightly regulated under MSHA and ATF rules.

Professional-development

Mine Planning

Surface mining recovers ore from open pits, strip mines, and quarries using drill-and-blast cycles followed by truck-and-shovel or in-pit conveyor material movement. The method is favored when deposits are shallow, large, or low-grade enough that stripping waste rock is more economic than underground access. Surface operations dominate global production by tonnage and demand strong skills in fleet management, slope stability, and dust and water control.

Professional-development

Blasting & Coating

Blasting and coating processes prepare and protect the metal surfaces of battery enclosures, busbars, and structural pack components against corrosion and chemical attack. As a hard skill it requires selecting abrasive blast media appropriate for aluminum and steel substrates, specifying coating systems rated for electrolyte and thermal-cycling exposure, and verifying adhesion with standardized pull-off tests. Production engineers apply these techniques when qualifying pack enclosure suppliers, setting corrosion-protection specifications on structural steel modules, and establishing inspection criteria for coated components entering final assembly.

Professional-development

Mine Management

Mine management integrates technical, operational, financial, and safety leadership to deliver production targets within budget while protecting people, environment, and assets. Managers coordinate engineering, geology, maintenance, processing, and HSE functions across shifts, contractors, and regulatory regimes. Effective mine management is what turns a sound mine plan into consistent quarter-over-quarter operating performance.

Professional-development

Labview & Teststand

LabVIEW and TestStand are the National Instruments platforms for automated test sequencing and instrument control — used by battery teams to run formation cycles, characterize cells on a benchtop cycler, and validate BMS hardware-in-the-loop. As a hard skill it requires fluency in dataflow ("G code") programming, VI architecture, instrument-driver libraries (IVI), and the TestStand sequence-execution model that orchestrates multi-step test plans with conditional branches and reporting. Test engineers apply this when standing up a new pack-test bench, when writing the validation suite for a new BMS revision, and when integrating dozens of instruments (DMMs, electronic loads, oscilloscopes) into a coherent automated test sequence.

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