Lithography
Lithography — photolithography, nanoimprint, and electron-beam lithography — patterns features on substrates by exposing a radiation-sensitive resist through a mask or direct write, then developing and transferring the pattern into functional layers. As a hard skill it requires selecting the appropriate lithography technology for the resolution and throughput required, controlling exposure dose and development conditions, and troubleshooting defects such as undercutting, bridging, and adhesion failure. Battery researchers apply lithography to fabricate patterned thin-film micro-battery architectures, interdigitated current collectors, and reference electrodes for fundamental electrochemical studies requiring defined electrode geometry.
